Andries Smorenburg II (1842 – 1916)

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   1. His childhood

Andries jr. was born at De Bilt, Utrecht province in the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 26 March 1842. He was the second youngest of seven children born to Andries Smorenburg sr. (1795 – 1880) and Georgina Ida Anthonia Allewaert (1807 – 1876).1,2

Just two years prior to his birth, the Netherlands finally settled into a fairly peaceful and stable politically era until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. From the 1860s, the Netherlands was also transforming into industry-driven society under King William III, who reigned from 1849 to 1890. His daughter, 10 year-old Wilhelmina succeed him, as Queen Wilhelmina. Her rule lasted from 1890 to 1948, although her mother served as regent during the first eight years as Wilhelmina was still a minor.3-5

Andries was a member of De Bilt Church Congregation until 29 April 1866, just a month after his 24th birthday.1 By then he was already working in Utrecht for two months.

   2. His wife

At the age of 29 years, Andries married 26 year-old Maria Jansen van Galen on 21 March 1872 at Rheden, Gelderland, a small town that lies 10 km northeast of the Arnhem.6-8 Her parents were Pieter Jansen van Galen (1822 – 1913) and Everdina van Laar (1824 – 1906). Maria was born at Roosendaal, Gelderland at 9 pm on 26 August 1845. The two witnesses at her birth registration on 27 August were 46 year-old Jan van der Sandt, a blacksmith and 49 year-old Marinus van den Berg, a pharmacist, both from the local Roosendaal community. Maria was the first-born of 13 children, of whom only six survived into adulthood. Her five brothers and sisters that she grew up with were Jan Willem, Janna Everdina, Derkje, Roelofje and Pieternella Everdina.7-10 READ MORE on the Jansen van Galens.

Maria died at the age of 83 years and one month on 11 May 1928 at 9 am at Velp, Gelderland, a small village 5 km north-east of Arnhem, the provincial capitol of Gelderland, Netherlands. She was buried at the Heiderust Cemetery at 21 Lente Street, Rheden. Fifteen years later, her one daughter was buried in the same grave.11,12

   3. His career

Andries Smorenburg jr. followed in the footsteps of his father by first serving in the military, then becoming a hunter, likely alongside his father, and then joining the railway services in the Netherlands in 1866.13 Several railway companies operated in the Netherlands, including the Nederlandsche Rijnspoorweg-Maatschappij (NRS) for whom Andries would work for 27 years. The NRS was a private railway company that established a railway line from Amsterdam to Utrecht in 1843, with a further extension to Arnhem in 1845, and then to Germany in 1856. A line-junction from Arnhem towards Zutphen via Velp and Rheden was completed in 1865. The main line was later also extended from Amsterdam to Rotterdam. The NRS operated on these railway lines until 1895.14-16

Andries started his career with the NRS on 22 February 1866 as a labourer, but on 17 May 1866, just three months later, was promoted to the position of stoker working on the steam locomotives. During that time he was based at Utrecht. On 14 May 1868 he transfered to Emmerich am Rhein near the Kleve in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany (then known as the German Empire), a town just within the eastern border of the Germany,  and only 5 km away from Arnhem in the Netherlands. At that time, Otto von Bismarck was Chancellor of the unified German Empire that lasted from 1871 to 1918.17-19 Andries most likely worked on the Railway Section Oberhausen-Arnhem of the Cöln-Mindener Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (Cologne-Minder Railway Company) in conjunction with the NRS, that was opened between the Netherlands and Germany in 1856.20 He remained in Emmerich until 1879. During those eleven years, he was promoted twice – to third class machinist on 15 May 1871 and to second class machinist on 15 May 1873.19 It was also while stationed at Emmerich that he married Maria Jansen van Galen in 1872.6

On 24 May 1879, five years after his marriage to Maria, he moved his family to Arnhem where he continued to work for the NRS as second class machinist. Just five months later on 23 October 1879, the 36 year-old Andries was promoted to first class machinist of the NRS’s steam railway engines.19 Arnhem is a city located on both banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek. To date, it is serviced by several intercity railway lines as well as lines that service destinations abroad such as Germany and Russia. It has had a main central railway station since 1845 and serve as the terminus for several local railway services.21,22

The NRS required that their machinists undergo a medical test, or at least an eye test, every four years. On 19 January 1888, at the age of 45, Andries passed his eye-test with flying colours. On 15 March 1892, however, dr. Snellen recommended reading glasses. The Smorensburg resided in Arnhem for 17 years, until Andries resigned on 1 March 1893 at the age of 50. He received an honourable discharge.13

NOTE: On the birth record of his daughter, Elizabeth, in 1885, his occupation is noted as railway conductor, while on the birth record of his son, Herman in 1883 and on his NRS career log at the time of his resignation in 1893 it is still indicated as first class machinist.13,23,24

Soon thereafter, Andries immigrated with his wife and four youngest surviving children to South Africa. It is likely that positive reports from his nephew, Andries Smorenburg (1872 – 1939), who came to the ZAR in ca 1887,25 enticed Andries to seek greener pastures at the Southern tip of Africa. By the mid 1890s, Andries, his wife Maria and their children, Everdina Maria, Maria, Jan Willem and Herman Hendrik, were residing in the small emerging railway town, Waterval-Boven, that developed as a result of the building of the Pretoria-Delagoa Bay railway line.26-29 It was being built by the Netherlands-South African Railway Company (NZASM). The 473 km long line was completed on 20 October 1894, and officially opened on 6 November 1894 by Paul Kruger (1825 – 1904), president of the ZAR. About 1500 construction workers were employed by the railway company, and likely included the Smorenburg family.29-33 The latter is deduced from family folklore regarding Herman Smorenburg who worked as a young boy on the 400 m long NZASM Tunnel through Elandsberg (Elands Mountain) between the two towns, Waterval-Boven on the Highveld plateau and Waterval-Onder in the Lowveld.28 When the Second Anglo Boer War (ABW2) broke out in 1899, the Smorenburgs still resided at Waterval-Boven.34 By then his two daughters were married with two Dutchmen, who also came to South Africa.26,27

His experience as a train driver in the Netherlands came to good use for the NZASM and he continued to work in that capacity based at Waterval-Boven. When the railway operations in the four British Colonies merged into one unit, called the South African Railways, in 1910 with the establishment of the the Union, Andries remained employed by them as a train driver/machinist, according to his death notice. It seems as if he later moved for either work purposes or due to retirement to Johannesburg, where he lived in with his son until his death.35  4. His death

Andries Smorenburg died at the age of 74 years on 10 January 1916 in Johannesburg, South Africa, where he resided with his son, Jan Smorenburg in Bezuidenhout Valley, an eastern suburb of  Johannesburg. According to his death notice he “drowned in a spruit at Bezuidenhout Valley” which points to the Jukskei River that runs through the suburb.35  The whereabouts of his wife, Maria, is unknown but she returned permanently to the Netherlands,7,11,12 either with her daughters, Everdina, Maria and Martha, in 1900 during the ABW2 or likely together with her daughters Martha and Dirkje, after Andries had passed away in 1916.  5. His children

5.1 Andries jr. (III)

He was born in ca 1872 at Emmerich, Germany. At the age of about 25 years on 23 April 1897, Andries married Zwaantje Gerhardina Gorseling at Arnhem. She was born on 24 July 1873 at Arnhem as the daughter of the shoe maker, Jan Gorseling and his wife, Zwaantje Gerhardina van Bruggen. Andries worked as a railway clerk and died at the age of about 41 years on 30 October 1913 at Zuphten, Gelderland.7,36,37

5.2 Pieter

Pieter was born in ca 1873 at Emmerich. During his working life, he was a labourer, a train-driver, a gardener and a florist. He wed Angenita Wilhelmina Ellens (ca 1872, Dieren, Gelderland – 19 December 1934), the second youngest child of Peter Ellens (1832 – 1895) and Aaltje de Winkel (1830 – 1903), on 13 July 1893 at Rheden. Angenita had three sisters and four brothers. The widowed Pieter Smorenburg died at the age of about 66 years on 30 November 1939 at Zeist, Utrecht, Netherlands,7,8,38 just three months after the start of World War 2.

Together Pieter and Angenita had two sons and four daughters. They were: Elisabeth Geertuida Louisa (3 November 1893, Arnhem – 10 July 1894), Pieter Andries (1894 – 9 December 1945), Maria (30 January 1895, Arnhem – ?), Helena Catharina (7 February 1901, Dieren – ?), Aaltje (8 April 1902, Baarn – ?) and Jan Willem (13 June 1904, Baarn – ?).7,8

5.3 Martha Georgeline Antonie

She was born on 20 March 1875 at Emmerich and died at the age of 67 years on 6 March 1943 at Rheden, Gelderland,7,8,12,39 while World War 2 was raging through Europe. Despite Dutch neutrality, Nazi Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940. From June 1941 living standards of the Dutch people started to decline.40 One wonders how Martha experienced the war. Martha never married and had no issue. She was buried at Rheden in the same grave plot as her mother.12

5.4 Everdina Maria

Everdina was born on 11 August 1876 at Emmerich. On 21 September 1898, at the age of 22 years, she married the Dutchman, Jan Wilhelm Sartorius (11 January 1868, De Wijk, Drenthe – 14 June 1941, Amsterdam) at Waterval-Boven in the ZAR, then also known as the Transvaal Republic.8,26,41,42

While the Second Anglo-Boer War was at its height, Everdina and her husband left South Africa on 19 November 1900 and returned with their young daughter, Aaltje Maria (18 June 1899, Middelburg, Transvaal – ?) to De Wijk, Drenthe where they went to live with Everdina’s widowed mother-in-law, Aaltje Sartorius (née Linthorst) (29 January 1845 – ?) for six moths thereafter.43 Everdina passed away on 12 April 1959 at the age of 82 years at Utrecht in Utrecht province in the Netherlands, and was buried four days later in Amsterdam.8,43,44

5.5 Dirkje Petronella

She came into the world on 10 February 1878 at Emmerich in Germany.45,46 A month before her twentieth birthday, she married Laurens Memper (27 April 1875, Haarlem – 21 September 1934, Arnhem) on 10 January 1898 in Johannesburg in the ZAR.46-48 He was the son of Jan Antonij Benjamin Memper (1851 – 1914) and Maria Petronella Rhee (1853, Haarlem – 9 June 1896, Johannesburg).49,50 Two children could be found for Dirkje and Laurens Memper. They were Maria Petronella (*30 December 1898, ≈4 June 1899, Johannesburg, †21 March 1967, Appeldoorn, Netherlands) and Martha Georgina Antonia (12 February 1904, Johannesburg – 12 August 1985, Ede, Netherlands).49,51-53

  • Maria married Carel Herman de Lagh on 27 April 1922 in Semarang on Java island in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).  He was born on 3 December 1893 at Meester-Cornelis, a village about 15 km south of Batavia on Java (now Jatinegara district in the east of Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia). All three their children were born at Semarang, namely Laurens (*13 December 1923), Louisa Johanna (*12 September 1925) and Carla Hermanna (*26 June 1928).49,54-57 The family also lived in British India for a few years before returning to the Netherlands in March 1946. On 23 August 1948, the family found themselves again in the Dutch East Indies on the island of New Guinea, where Carel was serving as Head Personnel Officer in the Dutch Government.49 By 1950, he was based at Hollandia (now Jayapura, Papua province, Indonesia) where he died of malaria on 11 May 1950.55 The city has been known in the past as Hollandia (1910-1962), Kota Baru (1962-1963) and Sukarnopura (1963-1968). Carl’s death coincided with the onset of the West New Guinea dispute that lasted from 1950 to 1962 (also known as the West Irian dispute). This dispute was a diplomatic and political conflict between the Netherlands and Indonesia over the territory of Dutch New Guinea.57,58
  • Martha married Karel Willem Hugo Vogel (15 April 1894, Utrecht – 1 August 1987, Ede) on 18 August 1929 at Semarang. He was the son of Hugo Vogel and Cornelia Hermine Antoinette Wiets van Coeloorn.52,59 Karl and Martha had three children; Hugo (*21 September 1929, Semarang), Thomas (*6 March 1932, Singapore) and Dirk Peter (*25 September 1933, Singapore; he immigrated to Baltimore in the USA on 16 January 1957).52,60 It is with Martha and her family that the widowed Dirkje remained and traveled with after her husband’s death. On 24 November 1934, two months after Laurens had passed away, Dirkje still resided at 58 Pontanus Avenue in Arnhem but fourteen months later, on 7 January 1936, she found herself in Semarang.46 The Dutch colonists in the Dutch East Indies formed the privileged upper social class of soldiers, administrators, managers, teachers and pioneers. The indigenous people were looked down upon and subjected to slavery. The early twentieth century were marred with conflict and turbulence as the Indonesians sought independence from Dutch rule.57,58 It is during these times that the Vogels and Dirkje Memper were living in the East Indies.Dirkje’s son-in-law, Karel Willem Hugo Vogel, was a eighth generation descendant of Simon van der Stel (14 October 1639, born at sea en route to Mauritius – 24 June 1712, Cape Town, South Africa), who was a Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) official and the first governor of the Dutch Cape Colony (later to become the Republic of South Africa).59,61,62 He was of mixed-race descent, with his mother being the daughter of Dutchman Hendrick Lievens and the freed slave, Monica of the coast of Goa, India.62

Dirkje remained in the Dutch East Indies until after the Second World War had ended. On 3 June 1946, her address was given as 51 Park Avenue, Haarlem. Four years later on 24 April 1950, after the East Indies had finally gained its independence on 27 December 1949, Dirkje was back in Bandoeng (now Bandung) in Indonesia, residing at 2A Atjeh Street. By the end of August 1955, Dirkje had returned again to the Netherlands, residing at 170 Krim Street, Appeldoorn.46 She remained in the Netherlands until her passing in Amsterdam on 6 September 1960 at 14:40 at the age of 82 years.63

5.6 Maria

Maria, their sixth child, was born on 29 November 1879 at Arnhem.8,64,65 At the age of 19 years, she married the 25-year old Dutchman, Frederik Koch (1874, Ouder Amstel – 9 August 1920, Amsterdam) on 22 June 1899 at the Carolina Court in the ZAR.27,65,66

The newlyweds soon thereafter returned to the Netherlands where their children were born in Amsterdam. They were Frederik jr. (6 July 1901 – ?), Herman Hendrik (11 November 1903 – 1978), Johan Andries (26 Augustus 1908 – ?), Paul Rudolf (26 October 1910 – ?) and Maria (10 September 1911 – 19 September 1911, Amsterdam).65-68 Maria Smorenburg passed away in Verpleeghuis De Braamberg in Arnhem on 3 February 1964 at the of 83 years.69

5.7 Jan Willem

Jan Willem was born on 6 October 1881 at Arnhem, Gelderland.70 Family folklore has it that Jan and his younger brother, Herman Hendrik arrived in South Africa as stow-aways on a Dutch ship – at the onset of the ABW2, also known as the South African War. The story goes that as Dutch volunteers, they specifically came to join the Boers in their fight for freedom against the United Kingdom.28 However, this folklore does not correlate with documented facts – that is the arrival of their father in South Africa in the early 1890s and marriages of their two older sisters at Waterval-Boven. It is more likely that the family arrived by ship in South Africa and that the two preteen boys entertained themselves during the journey with hide-and-seek games!

The Boers and their political leaders (descendants of 17th and 18th century Dutch settlers at the Cape of Good Hope, with whom the people of the Netherlands as well as Queen Wilhelmina felt very closely linked) were highly displeased with the increasing British imperialistic interference in their two independent Boer Republics, the ZAR and the Republic of the Orange Free State. Several interrelated factors and actions taken by British leaders, who were based in the Cape Colony, as well as the demands of the ‘outlanders’ (foreigners) residing in the two republics, eventually triggered the outbreak of the war. Queen Wilhelmina had a stern dislike for the United Kingdom partly as a result of the annexation of the two Boer Republics. Near the end of the war, she ordered a Dutch warship, the HNLMS Gelderland, to South Africa to evacuate Paul Kruger, the embattled President of the ZAR.5,71-73

As soon as the war started, the 18-year old Jan joined his first cousin, Commandant Andries Smorenburg (1872 – 1939), chief officer of the Second Dutch Foreigners Corps, and was appointed Quartermaster of the commando.25,74 Both Jan and Andries were later captured on Kalkfontein farm during the Battle of Boshof on 5 April 1900. At first, the 64 captured foreign volunteers (French Legionnaires, Germans, Dutchmen, Americans and one Russian Prince) of the Boer Army were kept in prison at Boshof, a small farming village situated in the western region of the Orange Free State Boer Republic. Eventually the prisoners were sent off with other prisoners-of-war (POWs) to the remote British island of St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. Jan and Andries Smorenburg were allocated to Deadwood Plain Camp. The 18 year-old Jan was allocated prisoner number #2217. In late 1901, Jan assisted his cousin in his attempt to escape from the island. Initially his escape seemed successful, but Andries Smorenburg was discovered five days later where he was hiding in the hull of the ship en route to Britain.75-79

After the Peace Treaty was signed in June 1902, the prisoners started to return to Cape Town in South Africa between 26 June 1902 and 21 October 1902.72,76  Jan Smorenburg didn’t return to the Netherlands but settled in the British Transvaal Colony (the annexed name of the ZAR). This implies that he must have pledged his allegiance to the British Crown, which was a requirement for Boer– and foreigner POWs to return to South Africa.

At the age of 30, on 31 January 1912, Jan married the 31-year old Marie Augusta Caroline Dobrowsky in the court at Germiston, Transvaal, Union of South Africa.80 By then the couple already had two daughters born out of wedlock. Marie Dobrowsky was born in ca 1880 near King William’s Town in the Eastern Cape, South Africa and died on 27 June 1958 at the Germiston Hospital in Germiston. Her body was cremated at the Braamfontein Crematorium in Johannesburg on 1 July 1958. She died from uremia due to chronic nephritis, a complication of diabetes mellitus.81,82By 1916, four years after their marriage took place, Jan and Marie were residing at 31 6th Avenue, Bezuidenhout Valley, Johannesburg. It is during that time that Jan’s father drowned in the Jukskei River running through the suburb.35,83 The house on the premises was built in 1911 and Jan was the first original owner.83 Three years later on 19 March 1919, the couple purchased a residential plot on the corner of Grey Avenue and High Street in Brakpan, Transvaal, where they lived for many years. By 1858, when Marie passes away at the age of about 78 years, they resided in Germiston at Rand Refinery Cottages nr. 6, likely because Jan had worked at the refinery until his retirement. Jan died ten years later on 20 March 1968 at the age of 86 at Virginia, Orange Free State, South Africa from coronary thrombosis. At the time of his death, his residential address was indicated as 21 Goshawk Road, Flamingo Park, Welkom, Orange Free State.81,82,84

Jan and Marie Smorenburg had three children: Ivy Frances (4 October 1904, Pretoria – November 1979, who married Edward Sutton Burrow on 25 January 1930 at Brakpan; later divorced and remarried Jack Benbow Kimble at Germiston on 18 March 1950), Johanna Marie (15 August 1907 – ca 1997, who married Joseph Edward Erbstoesser on 23 July 1928) and Ernst Hugh (2 January 1914 – 27 February 1984, Constantia, Cape Town, who married Joyce Mary James on 25 May 1935 in Germiston, later divorced and remarried Kathleen Mona Wolson [née Barkley] on 20 December 1941 in Pretoria).85-90

5.8 Herman Hendrik

Herman was born on 29 July 1883 at Arnhem.24 At the turn of the century, he migrated to the southern tip of Africa. There he married a Scottish girl, settled in Johannesburg and became my husband’s great-grandfather. READ MORE on Herman Hendrik Smorenburg.

5.9 Elizabeth Geertruida Louisa

She was born on 3 September 1885 at Arnhem and sadly died four years later on 4 December 1889 in the same town where she was born.91,92

 

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Marja Ruff of Haarlem in the Netherlands, a huge thank you for your interest and support of my family research work! Your endless supply of information and references to primary documents, researched in your own time, have greatly enriched the story of the Smorenburg family being told here. I am forever in your debt!

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  1. Birth of Andries Smorenburg II. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLZV-NGZ8 : 16 November 2020), Andries Smorenburg, Birth 26 Mar 1842, De Bilt, Utrecht, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing De Bilt, archive 481, inventory number 555-14, record number 15; Het Utrechts Archief
  2. Birth & church membership of Andries Smorenburg. https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939V-3J3Q-7S
  3. History of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands
  4. William III of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands
  5. Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands
  6. Marriage of Andries Smorenburg & Maria Jansen van Galen. Marriage of Andries Smorenburg & Maria Jansen van Galen. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000,” database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL55-WRT1 : 6 October 2017), Andries Smorenburg and Maria Jansen van Galen, Marriage 21 Mar 1872, Rheden, Rheden, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Rheden, archive 0207, inventory number 3233, record number 14; Gelders Archief 
  7. Parenteel van Hendrik van Galen. 26 September 2016. http://members.upc.nl/y.galen2/vgs/Ede/gn23951.html#p23951
  8. Maria Jansen van Galen. Genealogie Ellens Jonkman Hansma Jager. https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/genealogie-ellens-jonkman-hansma-jager/I747.php
  9. Birth of Maria Jansen van Galen. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL4X-CSS7 : 23 August 2017), Maria Jansen van Galen, Birth 26 Aug 1845, Rozendaal, Zuid-Holland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Rozendaal, archive 0207, inventory number 3152, record number 7; Gelders Archief
  10. Family Photo Album: Smorenburg & Rowlinson Families. Scanned from original photos. Privately held by Pamela Jean Jamison (neé Rowlinson), Randfontein, Gauteng, South Africa.
  11. Death notice of Maria (Jansen van Galen) Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLN7-TVHY : 30 August 2017), Maria Jansen van Galen, Death 11 May 1928, Rheden, Rheden, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Velp (Rheden), archive 0207, inventory number 8691, record number 93; Gelders Archief
  12. Grave of Maria Jansen van Galen. Rheden, Begraafplaats Heiderust, Graf 377638. http://www.online-begraafplaatsen.nl/zerken
  13. Andries Smorenburg personeelsdossier. Staatsspoorwegen Utrechts archief, toegangsnummer 920 Nederlandse Spoorwegen: personeels- en pensioenregisters, inventarisnummer 199, volgnummer 10445, Spoorwegmaatschappij: Maatschappij tot exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, https://hetutrechtsarchief.nl/onderzoek/resultaten?trefwoord=Andries+Smorenburg
  14. History of rail transport in the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_the_Netherlands
  15. Nederlandsche Rijnspoorweg-Maatschappij. https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandsche_Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij
  16. Rijnbende, H. Rijkstraatweg en spoorlijnen in Rheden. 1820 – 1887. http://www.mijngelderland.nl/inhoud/canons/rheden/rijksstraatweg-en-spoorlijnen-in-rheden
  17. Otto von Bismarck. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck
  18. German Empire. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire
  19. Andries Smoorenburg personeelsdossier. Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg          Maatschappij Utrechts archief, toegangsnummer 920 Nederlandse Spoorwegen: personeels- en pensioenregisters, inventarisnummer 89, bladnummer 19, Spoorwegmaatschappij: Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-maatschappij. https://hetutrechtsarchief.nl/onderzoek/resultaten/personen-mais?mivast=39&miadt=39&mizig=100&miview=tbl&mizk_alle=Andries+Smoorenburg
  20. Cologne-Minden Railway Company. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne-Minden_Railway_Company
  21. Arnhem. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem
  22. Arnhem. http://www.antiquemapsandprints.com/ekmps/shops/richben90/images/arnhem-environs.-velp.-netherlands-kaart.-baedeker-1897-antique-map-252969-p.jpg
  23. Birth record of Elizabeth Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL4X-HLZL : 23 August 2017), Maria Jansen Van Galen in entry for Elisabeth Geertruida Louisa Smorenburg, Birth 03 Sep 1885, Arnhem, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Arnhem, archive 0207, inventory number 85, record number 1102; Gelders Archief
  24. Birth record of Herman Hendrik Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL4X-KG55 : 22 August 2017), Maria Jansen Van Galen in entry for Herman Hendrik Smorenburg, Birth 29 Jul 1883, Arnhem, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Arnhem, archive 0207, inventory number 83, record number 937; Gelders Archief
  25. Andries Smorenburg. https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Smorenburg
  26. Marriage record of Everdina Smorenburg and Jan Sartorius. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1930, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP7W-4XCW : Fri Oct 06 09:30:59 UTC 2023), Entry for Jan Wilhelm Surtorius and Everdina Marie Smorenburg, 21 Sep 1898
  27. Marriage record of Maria Smorenburg and Frederik Koch. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1930, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6877-KVJP : Tue Oct 03 06:28:09 UTC 2023), Entry for Frederik Koch and Maria Smorenburg, 22 Jun 1899
  28. Interview on 23 March 2017 with Pamela Jean Jamison (neé Rowlinson), Randfontein, Gauteng, South Africa. [Great-granddaughter of Andries and Maria Smorenburg]
  29. Archaeological site report. NZASM Tunnel, Doornhoek, Waterval Boven District. http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/node/42758/sitereport-archaeology-pdf
  30. NZASM tunnel at Waterval Boven. http://www.dutchfootsteps.co.za/watervalboventunnel.html
  31. Historic tunnel at Waterval Boven – Probably the best-known and most famous of all NZASM structures. 2 January 2016. The Heritage Portal. http://www.theheritageportal.co.za/article/historic-tunnel-waterval-boven-probably-best-known-and-most-famous-all-nzasm-structures
  32. Waterval Onder – A small piece of history. The Highveld Gazette. http://www.thehighveldgazette.co.za/histwonder.html
  33. Waterval Boven. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterval_Boven
  34. Herman Hendrik Smorenburg. https://angloboerwar.com/index
  35. Death notice of Andries Smorenburg. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Death, 1869-1954, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:7V2Y-SP3Z : Fri Oct 06 07:59:32 UTC 2023), Entry for Andries Smorenburg, 10 Jan 1916
  36. Marriage record of Andries Smorenburg (III). Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL5N-BY48 : 6 October 2017), Maria Jansen van Galen in entry for Andries Smorenburg and Zwaantje Gerhardina Gorseling, Marriage 23 Apr 1897, Arnhem, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Arnhem, archive 0207, inventory number 181, record number 88; Gelders Archief
  38. Marriage record of Pieter Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL5P-R72R : 6 October 2017), Maria Jansen van Galen in entry for Pieter Smorenburg and Angenita Wilhelmina Ellens, Marriage 13 Jul 1893, Rheden, Rheden, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Rheden, archive 0207, inventory number 3228, record number 58; Gelders Archief
  39. Death records of Martha Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLN4-CW7Q : 30 August 2017), Maria Jansen van Galen in entry for Martha Georgeline Antonie Smorenburg, Death 06 Mar 1943, Rheden, Rheden, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Velp (Rheden), archive 0207, inventory number 33076, record number 55; Gelders Archief
  40. Netherlands in World War II. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II
  41. Everdina Maria Smorenburg (1876 – 1959). https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Smorenburg-18
  42. Jan and Everdina Sartorius. Population Register. Part 16: De Wijk, Deel II, 1900 – 1910. Drenthe Archive. https://www.openarchieven.nl/dar:357aa18e-c99c-49c0-ab32-a62fd1d82701
  43. Death record of Everdina Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLKB-1W38 : 2 December 2019), Maria Jansen Van Galen in entry for Everdina Maria Smorenburg, Death 12 Apr 1959, Utrecht, Netherlands; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Utrecht, archive 1221-1, inventory number 1996, record number 896; Het Utrechts Archief
  44. Burial of Everdina Maria Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6899-GH26 : 16 July 2021), Everdina Maria Smorenburg, Burial 16 Apr 1959, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing SAA Index op begraafregisters, archive , inventory number, record number; SAA Index op begraafregisters; Stadsarchief Amsterdam.Maria Smorenburg. Beindorff, W.H. Genealogie Beindorff, Been et al. https://www.genealogieonline.nl/genealogie_beindorff_been_et_al/
  45. Dirkje Petronella Smorenburg (1878 – 1960). https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Smorenburg-19
  46. Dirkje Petronella Smorenburg. Archiefkaarten, archiefnummer 30238, inventarisnummer 1183, Gemeente: Amsterdam, Periode: 1960-1964
  47. Marriage record of Dirkje Petronella Smorenburg. South Africa, Civil Marriage Records, 1840-1973, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6ZH5-8NSJ : Sat Mar 09 14:24:47 UTC 2024), Entry for Laurens Memper and Dirkje Petronella Smorenburg, 10 Jan 1898
  48. Death of Laurens Memper. https://www.wiewaswie.nl/en/detail/18018778
  49. Maria Petronella (Memper) de Lagh. Archiefkaarten, archiefnummer 30238, inventarisnummer 546, Gemeente: Amsterdam, Periode: 1939-1960
  50. Death of Maria Petronella (Rhee) Memper. South Africa, Transvaal, Probate Records from the Master of the Supreme Court, 1869-1958, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS4F-KVHT?cc=2520237 : 7 April 2020), > image 1 of 1; Pietermaritzburg Archives (formerly Natal State Archives), South Africa
  51. Christening of Maria Petronella Smorenburg. South Africa, Netherdutch Reformed Church Registers (Pretoria Archive), 1838-1991, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9Z5-GHCL?cc=2155416&wc=QZV2-BKB%3A1589315405%2C1589315407%2C1589315501%2C1589394229 : 2 August 2019), South Africa > Transvaal > Johannesburg > Christenings, index, 1895-1937, book 3 > image 253 of 767; Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk Van Afrika (Dutch Reformed Church of Africa), Pretoria
  52. Kurt Willem Hugo Vogel. Gezinskaarten, archiefnummer 5422, inventarisnummer 1578, Gemeente: Amsterdam, Periode: 1893-1939
  53. Death record of Maria Petronella de Lagh. https://www.geldersarchief.nl/bronnen/archieven?mizig=236&miadt=37&miaet=54&micode=0207A_21373&minr=74912267&miview=ldtDutch East India. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies
  54. Carel Herman de Lagh military record. Amsterdam City Archives (Netherlands), Deel:2544, Periode: 1887-1934, Decemebr 3, 1893. https://www.openarchieven.nl/saa:0cbbb4c6-00a5-4fdc-9a97-38a57377149c/en
  55. Copies of family archival cards of Carel Herman de Lagh. Received on 9 March 2024 from Marja Ruff of Haarlem, Netherlands
  56. Jatinegara. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatinegara
  57. Dutch East Indies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies
  58. Netherlans/Dutch East Indies (1927 – 1949). Government, Public Service, and International Studies. University of Central Arkansas. https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/netherlandsdutch-east-indies-1927-1949/
  59. De nakomelingen van Simon van der Stel (1692 – 1780). https://www.familiesteunfonds.nl/OverzichtGerechtigden/FSF_TakCD.pdf
  60. Passport applications of Martha and Kurt Vogel for British India (1950s). https://cbgverzamelingen.nl/zoeken?search=martha+georgina+memper&collection=Oost-Indische+bronnen
  61. Simon van der Stel Timeline. South African History Online. https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/simon-van-der-stel-timeline
  62. Simon van der Stel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_van_der_Stel
  63. Copy of death registration of Dirkje Memper. Received on 9 March 2024 from Marja Ruff of Haarlem, Netherlands
  64. Birth record of Maria Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL4X-T6D6 : 22 August 2017), Maria Jansen Van Galen in entry for Maria Smorenberg, Birth 29 Nov 1879, Arnhem, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Arnhem, archive 0207, inventory number 81, record number 1388; Gelders Archief
  65. Frederik en Maria Koch. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Gezinskaarten. Deel: 775, Periode: 1893-1939, Amsterdam, 1 Mei 1874. https://www.openarchieven.nl/saa:98533447-03e0-56a3-e053-b784100ade19
  66. Death registration of Frederik Koch sr. Netherlands, Noord-Holland, Civil Registration, 1811-1950, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:8Q5V-K33Z : Thu Nov 09 23:43:58 UTC 2023), Entry for Frederik Koch and Frederik Koch, 9 Aug 1920
  67. Birth registration of Frederik Koch jr. Netherlands, Noord-Holland, Civil Registration, 1811-1950, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HF-9J26 : Fri Nov 10 03:58:30 UTC 2023), Entry for Frederik Koch and Frederik Koch, 8 Jul 1901
  68. Death Registration of Maria Koch. Netherlands, Noord-Holland, Civil Registration, 1811-1950, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:WDFQ-16N2 : Fri Nov 10 01:28:45 UTC 2023), Entry for Maria Koch and Frederik Koch
  69. Death records of Maria (Smorenburg) Koch. Information obtained through the Dutch Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie by Sanne van Heijst of The Netherlands and forwarded to me on 6 October 2025.
  70. Birth record of Jan Willem Smorenburg. Gelders Archive in Arnhem (Netherlands), Civil registration births. Burgerlijke stand Gelderland, dubbelen 1811-1902, Arnhem, archive 0207, inventory number 82.06, 08-10-1881, Arnhem, Geboorteregister, record number 1207
  71. Gilliomee, H. & Mbenga, B. 2007 Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. 1ste Ed. Tafelberg: Kaapstad
  72. Pakenham, T. 1993 The Boer War. Illustrated Edition. Jonathan Ball Publishers: Johannesburg, South Africa
  73. Second Anglo-Boer War 1899 – 1902. http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/second-anglo-boer-war-1899-1902
  74. Andries Smorenburg. https://www.geni.com/people/Andries-Smorenburg/6000000020038358389
  75. Battle of Boshof. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boshof
  76. Boer prisoners (1900 – 1902). http://sainthelenaisland.info/boerprisoners.htm
  77. St Helena tourist map. http://www.mappery.com/maps/St-Helena-Tourist-Map.jpg
  78. Jan W Smorenburg. https://angloboerwar.com/index
  79. Photos of St Helena. Accession Numbers KO 1466/10- 003, 012, 020, 051, 054, 077(x2), 079 & 103. King’s Own Royal Regiment Museum, Lancaster. www.kingsownmuseum.com . [Permission to publish the photos on this website was obtained on 8 November 2017]
  80. Marriage record of Jan Smorenburg and Marie Dobrowsky. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1930, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C91V-T3JQ-8?cc=2727134 : 5 January 2023), > image 1 of 1; Citing NARS “Civil registration (marriages – coloureds), Transvaal and Swaziland, 1898-1927.” The National Archives and Records Service of South Africa, Pretoria
  81. Death notice, will and estate of Marie Augusta Caroline Dobrowsky. National Archives & Repository Service of South Africa, Pretoria. TAB MHG 7528/58, 1958
  82. Death and cremation record of Maria (Dobrowsky) Smorenburg. South Africa, Johannesburg, Cemetery Records, 1840-2019, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XFF-44MB : Sun Nov 12 05:00:38 UTC 2023), Entry for Marie Augusta Caroline Smorenburg, 1 Jul 1958
  83. 31 6th Avenue Bezuidenhou Valley. https://www.heritageregister.org.za/node/2264
  84. Death notice of Jan Willem Smorenburg. South Africa, Orange Free State, Estate Files, 1951-2006, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QK9Q-9Q36 : 17 April 2015), Jan Willem Smorenburg, 20 Mar 1968, Death; citing Virginia, Master of the Free State High Court, Bloemfontein; FHL microfilm 005200795
  85. Marriage record of Ivy Frances Smorenburg. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1930, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QP3Y-Q8L6 : Fri Oct 06 13:44:59 UTC 2023), Entry for Edward Sutton Burrow and Ivy Frances Smorenburg, 25 January 1930
  86. Record of first and second marriages of Ivy Frances Smorenburg. https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/GDTP-6RV
  87. Dates of birth and marriage of Johanna Marie Smorenburg. https://www.identitynumber.org
  88. First marriage of Ernest Hugh Smorenburg. South Africa, Civil Marriage Records, 1840-1973, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6ZC9-NL25 : Fri  Oct 20 09:25:09 UTC 2023), Entry for Ernest Hugh Smorenburg and Joyce Mary James, 25 May 1935
  89. Second marriage of Ernest Hugh Smorenburg. South Africa, Civil Marriage Records, 1840-1973, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6ZC9-M2QL : Fri Oct 20 09:05:24 UTC 2023), Entry for Ernest Hugh Smorenburg and Kathleen Mona Wolson, 20 Dec 1941
  90. Ernest Hugh Smorenburg. www.identitynumber.org/mobile/death-notice-results.php
  91. Birth date of Elizabeth Geertruida Louisa Smorenburg. https://www.stamboomonderzoek.com/joopsiep/getperson.php?personID=P23072&tree=joopsiep

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