Andries Smorenburg I (1795 – 1880)

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   1. His childhood

Andries, the third child of Gerrit Smorenburg (1761 – 1832) and Margarita Eijbers(en) (1768 – 1838),1-3 became my husband’s great-great-great-grandfather.

He was born on 17 February 1795 at De Bilt, Department van de Rijn (previously Utrecht province) in the Batavian Republic (previously Republic of United Seven Netherlands, also known as Dutch Republic). His christening on 22 November 1795 in the Nederduitsch Reformed Church at De Bilt was witnessed by Maria Versteeg.1-3 Just ten months earlier Napoleon Bonaparte and his French revolutionary army seized the Dutch Republic (Northern Netherlands) and instituted the new Batavian Republic. Although a revolutionary Dutch government was now in charge, it was still stringently controlled by the Napoleonic French government. The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland from 1806 to 1810 followed. This Dutch Kingdom, however, was dissolved and subjected to an aggregated French governance when France annexed the Northern Netherlands from 1810 to 1815.4-6

Andries, therefore, spent his whole childhood up to the age of 20 years under French influence and political control. He is likely that he learned to speak some French while at school, since the French language became compulsory at primary school level.4 This argument is strengthened by the fact that the young Andries also served in the French Army for four years years.3

   2. His wife

At the time of his marriage, he was a hunter.3 The 34 year-old Andries married 22 year-old Georgina Ida Anthonia Allewaert on 15 November 1829 at Stiphout, a village situated 3.5 km east of the larger town of Helmond in the eastern part of the North Brabant province in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it was known then.1,3,7,8 Witnesses at their matrimonial ceremony were Matthijs Deelen (62 year-old carpenter from Stiphout), Hendrik Deelen (27 year-old farmer from Stiphout), Jan van Moorsel (28 year-old farmer from Vlierden) and Jan Visser (60 year-old fisherman from Stiphout).3

Georgina was born on 31 October 1807 at Helmond in the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland and was christened on 1 November 1807 in the Nederduitsch Reformed Church. George Potman was a witness of her christening.3,9 Several variations of her first name, such as Georgelina, Chorsina, Schorsina, Schersina and Sientje, have been found in other documents and on websites.3 Up to the age of eight years, Georgina not only grew up within the Dutch community but also lived under French influence.

Georgina was the sixth child of Johannes Hendricus “Jan Hendrik” Allewaert (*25 December 1759, Helmond – ?) and Elizabeth Ramaer (*25 February 1773, Eersel – 24 August 1825, ‘s-Hertogenbosch).1,3,10 The family seemed to have moved frequently as their children were born in various towns within the North Brabant province.

By 1810, during the annexation of all of the Netherlands by France, this family appeared on the Residents List of Helmond (notably their Dutch names were recorded in the French dialect) as follows:
Jean Henri Allewaart [Jan Hendrik Allewaert] (Protestant faith, head of the family) and his wife, Elisabeth Ramaer, with their children: Guillaume Jean Henri [Willem Jan Hendrik] (*9 October 1796, Osch (now Oss)), Andre Antoine Jacques [Andries Antonij Jacobus] (*12 August 1798, Vlierden), Anne Catherine Marguerite [Anna Christina Margaretha] (*8 October 1800, Vugt), Jean Henri Gerard [Jan Hendrik Gerrit] (*1 May 1803, Deurne), Elisabeth Gertrude Louise [Elizabeth Geertruijda Louisa] (*15 November 1805, Deurne), Georgine Ide Antoinette [Georgina Ida Antonia] (*28 October 1807, Helmond) and Hermine Henriette Sibille [Hermiena Hendrica Sibilla] (*16 February 1809, Helmond – 3 November 1891, Velp).10,11

   3. His career

At the age of 18 years in 1813, Andries Smorenburg was serving as a gunner in the Second Division of the Regiment Rijdende Artillerie (mobile artillery unit) of the French Army during the expansion of the French Empire under Emperor Napoleon I. Andries remained in service until 1816.3 did military service for six years in total. In 1829, at the age of 34 years, in the same year he got married, he indicated his profession as ‘hunter’. About ten years later at the age of 44, he was working as a shop keeper, as indicated on his brother, Evert’s marriage record. He later joined the railroad services and worked as a train engine-driver at Rheden and Arnhem in Gelderland province.1,3As an adult, Andries Smorenburg lived during the reign of King William I, King William II and King William III. The rule of William I over the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of the Northern Netherlands and the Southern Netherlands, lasted from 1815 to 1840. The French annexation left the Dutch economy in shatters but through William I’s liberal economic modernisation, the country prospered again. Economic progress and peaceful living, however, lasted until the Belgian Revolt in the Southern Netherlands started in 1830, which eventually led to the establishment of two separate, independent countries, the Kingdom of Belgium and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in 1839.4,12 Nowadays, the Kingdom of the Netherlands is often referred to as just “(The) Netherlands”.

William II succeeded his father in 1840 and ruled for nine years until his death in 1849. He observed the growing demand for constitutional reform and broader electoral representation from all 11 provinces, and with wisdom guided his people towards a better future. During his reign, the Netherlands became a parliamentary democracy with a new constitution drafted in 1848 where the king became part of the government rather than its master.4,13 William II was succeeded by his son, William III whose reign lasted from 1849 to 1890. In contrast to his father, William III opposed the new constitution and wanted to abdicate several times during his reign. This, and his unpredictable, explosive behaviour, made him rather unpopular among members of his cabinet, but he was quite popular with the common people. Industrialisation moved slowly in the Netherlands compared to other European countries and William III often provided financial aid to industrial enterprises to enhance progress. Notable industrial growth arrived only in the 1860s.4,14 During his reign, the Netherlands gradually transformed into a modern middle-class industrial society with the the various railway companies being among William III’s beneficiaries.4

   4. His death

His wife, Georgina Smorenburg, died at De Bilt, Utrecht, Kingdom of the Netherlands on 21 April 1876 at the age of 68 years. Four years later, Andries passed away on 1 February 1880 at De Bilt at the age of 84 years.1,3,15Andries saw the coming and going of the Batavian Republic, followed by the Republic of Holland, its French annexation, then the establishment of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until Belgium said its good-byes, and finally the materialisation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands as we know it today.

  5. His children

5.1 Elizabeth Anna Hermina

She was born on 27 October 1830 at Vlierden near Helmond, North Brabant, United Kingdom of the Netherlands (now Kingdom of the Netherlands). At the age of 27 years on 29 May 1858, she married Gysbert Kluydt (ca 1833 – 14 January 1871, De Bilt) at De Bilt, Utrecht, Kingdom of the Netherlands. She later married again at the age of 42 years on 6 June 1873 at De Bilt to Gijsbert Rosendaal (*ca 1826, Westbroek), son of Jan Rosendaal and Neeltje Remmergen. Elizabeth died on 20 February 1885 at Soest, Utrecht province, at the age of 54 years.1,3,16-18

5.2 Johannes Wilhelmus

Johannes was born on 13 May 1833 at De Bilt, Utrecht, United Kingdom of the Netherlands. He became a wagon maker and master1,3,19 – a person that oversaw the transportation of a group of wagons carrying cargo or mail from one place to another.20 At the age of 33 years, he married the widow of Willem Molenaar, Johanna Margaretha Geertruida Molenaar (née Hersbergen) on 26 October 1866 at Berkel and Rodenrijs, South Holland. Johanna (ca 1832, Rotterdam – 2 June 1899, Utrecht) was the daughter of Johannes Adrianus Hersbergen and Christina Margaritha Allewaert.1,3,21 After 30 years of marriage, Johannes died at the age of 63 years on 23 February 1897 at Leiden, South Holland.1,3

The couple had three children; two sons, Johannes Hendricus (13 July 1867, Tilburg, Brabant – 29 January 1944, Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia),1,22,23 Wilhelmus (ca January 1872 – 30 December 1872, Tilburg)19 and a daughter, Johanna Wilhelmina (3 June 1874, Utrecht – ?; who married Hendrik Jekel [1871 – ?] on 22 March 1900 in Utrecht, Netherlands).1,24

  • Johannes Hendricus came to South Africa in the early 1890s. On 3 May 1892, at the age of 25 years, he married Susara Aletta “Susan” Bezuidenhout (1 August 1875, farm Klipfontein, Parys, Orange Free State Republic – 21 March 1950, Plumstead, Cape Town) in the Dutch Reformed Church in Parys.25-27 At that time he worked as a teacher.25 During the South African War (also known as the Second Anglo-Boer War [ABW2]), however, he was working in Johannesburg as a railway official from 25 August 1900 to 31 October 1902.1,28  This was likely due to the war as the war disrupted all formal educational activities in the two Boer republics, the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) and the Republiek van Oranje Vrystaat. His service with the Netherlands-South African Railway Company (NZASM), the ZAR’s railway works, was by then under the control of the British who had captured Johannesburg on 31 May 1900.29,30 After the war, he continued to work at the NZASM in the annexed ZAR, by then known as the Transvaal Colony. From 12 January 1907 to 13 October 1909, he held the position of railway controller.28,29 The NZASM became the South African Railways in 1910, coinciding with the founding of the Union of South Africa.29 Johannes later became a upholsterer for most of his life, as indicated on his death notice.23
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    Johannes and Susan had four children. They were Johanna Wilhelmina “Joan” (15 September 1894, Venterskroon, ZAR – >1944), Johannes Wilhelmus jr. (II) (19 February 1898, Venterskroon – >1944), Petrus Dirk (24 December 1902 – 29 July 1991) and Cornelius Frederick (2 June 1905 – May 1983). Unfortunately their marriage  ended in divorce and was dissolved on 12 December 1905. Both later remarried.23,26,27
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    The divorced Johannes Hendricus, aged 41, married 21 year-old Hester Helena Roets (1887 – 9 December 1960, Salisbury) on 30 March 1909 at Heilbron in the Orange River Colony (annexed Orange Free State Republic).23,27,31 A son was born from their marital union, namely Johannes Wilhelmus jr. (III) (1 August 1910, Heilbron – 2 March 1957, Salisbury). The couple and their son later moved to Salisbury in Southern Rhodesia where they stayed for the remainder of their lives.23,27,32

5.3 Gerrit

Gerrit was born on 23 May 1835 at De Bilt. He married Johanna Aletta Rijnhart (11 March 1834, Utrecht – 1899) on 20 May 1864 at De Bilt, when he was 28 years old. She was the daughter of the carpenter and organ-maker, Andries Rijnhart (1789 – 1839) and his wife, Anna Sophia Margaretha Krooman/Kroeman (1794 – 1855).1,3,33

Gerrit and Johanna had four children. He initially worked as bread salesman and a book dealer.1 However, while his children were still young, Gerrit deserted his family when he disappeared to join the French Foreign Legion. (Apparently he was in a state of drunkenness when he joint the Legion).34 He was gone for more than ten years but Gerrit eventually did return. By 1887, he was a shopkeeper and by 1892 a butcher’s assistant. His long absence, however, had consequences and it is, therefore, not surprising that his marriage ended in divorce, executed on 30 June 1897 at Baarn, Utrecht, with both being in their sixties.1 Gerrit died on 29 March 1909 at Baarn at the age of 73 years.1,3 

His four children were:

  • Ida Anthonia Georgina

She was born on 2 January 1866 at Nijkerk, Gelderland.1,3 Witnesses at her wedding on 31 August 1887 at Amersfoort, Utrecht province with the 27 year-old beer brewer, Nathanael Traugott Kürt Kupferman (31 July 1860, Gothenburg, Sweden – 1 June 1896, Johannesburg South Africa) were also all residents from Amersfoort. These witnesses were August Ellinghaus (53 year-old beer brewer), Hendrikus Johannes Theodorus van Arom (33 year-old innkeeper), Gerrit Blok (37 year-old blacksmith) and Paul Höhne (26 year-old beer brewer).1,35,36 They resided in Amersfoort for another two years before moving to Baarn in the same province where the residing family was recorded on 19 August 1895.37 Ida and Nathanael had four sons namely Carl Hugo Johan (*1 October 1887, Amersfoort, Ω14 June 1911, Johannesburg Cemetery), Johann Gerhard George (3 October 1889, Baarn – >1965, Johannesburg; who married Elizabeth Susan Kohl [1891 – 1965] on 15 June 1916), August Kürt Andries (10 December 1891, Baarn – 2 October 1948, Kenilworth, Johannesburg; who married Caroline Helene Felstead [1893 – 1962] on 11 September 1918) and Kürt George (2 May 1895, Baarn – ?).1,36-44

The Kupferman family immigrated to the ZAR (South African Republic) on 6 November 1895,37 probably following Ida’s uncle, Andries Smorenburg (see 5.6), her nephew, Johannes Hendricus Smorenburg (see 5.2) and or her younger brother, Andries, who all had already left for the ZAR a few years earlier. Sadly, their move to the ZAR was short-lived with a sad ending. Although Nathaniël [Dutch version of his name] was able to find work as a loading master at the NZASM in Johannesburg, he passed away on 1 June 1896 at the Johannesburg Hospital, a month before his 36th birthday.36 Ida was left a 30 year-old widowed housewife with four small children in a strange land. She returned with her sons to the Netherlands soon thereafter. Three months after her husband’s death, on 4 September 1896, Ida’s body was found floating in the river De Eem at Soest (although she resided in Utrecht at that time).1,3,45,46 It is not clear whether her death was the result of suicide, murder or an accident.

The four orphaned boys went into the care of their widowed aunt, Anna Ruitenbeek. They returned to the ZAR with their aunt, leaving the Netherlands on 21 January 1897.33 Anna, however, left again on 2 March 1906 and was back in Utrecht in the Netherlands on 17 June 1907. The two eldest sons remained in South Africa (with the eldest passing away, aged 24 in 1911). The youngest two of the four Kupferman brothers, August Kürt Andries and Kürt George, returned with Anna, but only six months later on 27 August 1906 they went back to the British Transvaal Colony.47 Their lives seemed rather unsettled. The youngest went back permanently to the Netherlands in January 1913 (then aged 19).45,48 The second son, Johann Gerhard George Kupferman, who remained in South Africa until his death, published a book in 1950 on his uncle’s adventures during the ABW2, called “The life of a Boer commondant, Andries Smorenburg”.49

  • Anna Sophia Margaretha

She was born on 8 May 1869 at Nijkerk, Gelderland.3,33 The 21 year-old Anna married Wilhelm Bernardus Ruitenbeek (10 December 1867, Prussia – 14 September 1893, Baarn) on 9 July 1890 at Baarn, Utrecht. The couple had no children.3 Three years after the death of her husband, Anna followed her younger brother, Pieter August to South Africa, immigrating on 21 January 1897 with her four foster children. She became the foster mother of her four young Kupferman nephews after their parents’ death in 1896.33 Anna remained in South Africa until 1906 while residing in Johannesburg.47 She bought shares in various companies such as Witbank Consolidated Mines Ltd., W.W. Rand Brick & Tile Co. Ltd., Fine Art Fashions Ltd. and Tugela Investments Ltd.48

Two years after her return to the Netherlands, the 39 year-old Anna married Cornelius Lub (1854, Amsterdam – 31 August 1928) on 13 February 1908 at Amsterdam, Utrecht. No children were born from this marriage. Anna died 22 years after her second husband, at 38 Treiler Avenue, Scheveningen, Den Haag at the age of 81 years and seven months on 11 December 1950. Her foster-son, Kürt George Kupferman, was at that time residing at 4 Loon Street, ‘s-Gravenhage (the sophisticated name for Den Haag). He was sole heir of Anna’s estate according to her will drafted on 21 July 1949 at ‘s-Gravenhage.3,48

  • Andries

Andries Smorenburg was born at De Bilt, Utrecht on a stormy night on 3 March 1872.1,3,34  From an early age, he had to help supporting his family, since his father left them to fend for themselves. At the age of 15 years, Andries – by then a carpenter apprentice – migrated with his bankrupt employer to the southern tip of Africa in the hope of making their fortune on the gold mines of the Witwatersrand in the ZAR. Soon thereafter, in 1887, after an argument with his employer, Andries joined the Transvaal Police Force, known as the Zuid-Afrikaansche Rijdende Politie (ZARP). He started out as an administrative clerk, but soon progressed to the rank of Constable. By 1895, he already held the rank of Detective-Sergeant when he participated in the investigation of the ill-fated Jameson Raid and its instigators. By 1896, he was promoted to Sergeant. At the turn of the century, just as the Second Anglo-Boer War (also known as the South African War) broke out in 1899, Andries was back in the Netherlands at Arnhem, Gelderland to receive medical treatment to his leg that was at risk to be amputated due to an injury that resulted in blood poisoning with associated gangrene. Fortunately the treatment was successful and he returned to the Pretoria, the capitol of the ZAR via Lourenço Marques (now Maputo in Mozambique).30,34

Upon his arrival, he joined the Boers of the ZAR as a Dutch volunteer in their determined fight for freedom against Britain. He was offered the rank of Commander in the Second Dutch Foreigners Corps and was asked to use his policing background to train them into a commando. His 19 year-old cousin, Jan Willem Smorenburg (1881 – 1968), son of his uncle, Andries Smorenburg jr. (see 5.6), joined him and was appointed as his quartermaster.29,30,34 Both Andries and Jan were later captured during the Battle of Boshof on 5 April 1900. At first, the 64 captured foreign volunteers (French Legionnaires, Germans, Dutchmen, Americans and one Russian Prince) of the Boer Army were kept in prison at Boshof, a small farming village situated in the western region of the Orange Free State Boer Republic. Eventually the prisoners were sent off with other prisoners-of-war to the remote British island of St Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. Andries and Jan Smorenburg were allocated to Deadwood Plain Camp. In late 1901, Andries attempted a daring albeit unsuccessful escape from the island.29,30,34,50-52 Read more on the ‘BOER IN THE BOX’ who almost outwitted his British capturers.

After the Peace Treaty was signed in June 1902 – and on the condition that they had to pledge their allegiance to the British Crown – the prisoners started to return to Cape Town in South Africa between 26 June 1902 and 21 October 1902.34,51 Andries Smorenburg settled in the British Transvaal Colony in Johannesburg to work as a carpenter. From the age of 32 years (in 1904), however, he was employed as a civil servant at the City Council of Johannesburg, Transvaal, Union of South Africa until his retirement in 1928. He was initially appointed as License Inspector of Public Vehicles but was promoted several times through the years to eventually retire in the position of Head of Licensing. Andries also served as Sworn Translator in the English and Dutch languages, as well as a Justice of the Peace.34,53

He married Martha Sprong (ca 1875, Rotterdam, South Holland – 5 May 1942, Winkelspruit, Natal, South Africa) on 5 June 1906 in Johannesburg. She was the daughter of Salamon Kornelis Sprong and Neeltje Vaalburg. The couple resided at 11 Sixth Avenue, Bezuidenhout Valley, Johannesburg. Andries died on 16 April 1939 at the age of 67 years. They had two daughters, who both never married. They were Nelly Cornelia “Bobs/Baby” (ca 1908 – 6 July 1955, Johannesburg) and Johanna Aletta “Zus” (ca 1911 – 2012, Johannesburg).34,54-57 Both sisters were involved in the theatre world, especially at His Majesty’s Theatre in Commissioner Street , Johannesburg. They worked mainly on the backstage and met many famous performers57 but at the time of her death due to a raptured cerebral aneurism, 47 year-old Nelly was working as a switchboard operator for New Union Gold Fields.56

  • Pieter August

He was born on 8 October 1874 at De Bilt.1,3,33,58 By June 1892, Pieter and his mother resided at 4 Kalver Street, De Bilt. He was working as a helping hand at a butchery.59 On 24 December 1896, the 22 year-old Pieter left for the Transvaal Republic,33 likely to join his first cousin, Andries Smorenburg.

At the age of 24 years, on 29 August 1899, he married Margaretha Mathilda Eckhard (7 July 1874, Cape Town – ?) in Johannesburg.60 During the ABO2, he served in the para-military policing unit, known as the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Polisie (ZARP) and was stationed in Johannesburg from 9 Oktober 1900 to 13 December 1902.28,61 Until his retirement, he worked as an underground miner in the Witwatersrand gold mines. Pieter passed away on 25 July 1940 at the age of 66 years due to pulmonary thrombosis and congestive heart failure.62 The couple had three children, namely Curt August Andries (25 June 1897, Johannesburg – 11 August 1974, Observatory, Cape Town), Edgar August (18 June 1898, Johannesburg – 21 February 1978) and Clara Marthina Bertha (27 February 1901, Amsterdam, North Holland – ?).62-66

5.4 Antonij

He was born on 22 August 1837 at De Bilt. He married Aleida Frelink (1838, Elburg – ?) on 31 January 1872 at Amersfoort, Utrecht when he was 34 years old. She was the daughter of Jan Hendrik Freilink and Jantje de Jong. Antonij, nicked-named “Sterke Toonje” followed a military career, but also farmed with vegetables and added to his income by also working as a hunter. He died at the age of 59 years on 9 February 1897 at Baarn, Utrecht.1,3

Antonij and Aleida had three sons; George Anthonij (24 November 1876, Naarden – 22 March 1954, Zwolle), Anthony (28 October 1878, Amersfoort – 16 May 1947, Zwolle) and Johannes “Johan” (1 May 1881, Utrecht – 13 April 1960, Voorschoten).15.5 Margaretha I

Margaretha was born on 22 December 1839 at De Bilt.1,3 Sadly, she died five years later on 4 February 1845 at De Bilt.67

5.6 Andries jr.

Their youngest son, Andries jr. became my husband’s great-great-grandfather. He was born on 26 March 1842 at De Bilt. He married Maria Jansen van Galen at Rheden and they had eight children.1,3  The signatures of his parents, Andries and Georgina Smorenburg appear on his  marriage document as shown below.68 READ MORE on Andries Smorenburg jr. (II).

5.7 A son

Andries and Georgina’s seventh child was stillborn on 17 August 1845,1,3  just six months after his sister, Margaret had died.

 

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To Marja Ruff of Haarlem in the Netherlands, a huge thank you for your interest and support of my family research work! Your endless supply of information and references to primary documents, researched in your own time, have greatly enriched the story of the Smorenburg family being told here. I am forever in your debt!

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  1. Smorenburg Web Site by Martin Smorenburg. https://www.myheritage.nl/site-family-tree-395529131/smorenburg
  2. Gezinsblad Gerrit Smorenburg. http://www.gensdvf.nl/FullRecord.csp
  3. Beindorff, W.H. Genealogie Beindorff, Been et al. https://www.genealogieonline.nl/genealogie_beindorff_been_et_al/
  4. History of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands
  5. Batavian Republic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic
  6. Kingdom of Holland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland
  7. Marriage Record of Andries Smorenburg. Brabant Historical Information Centre (Netherlands), Brabant, Civil registration marriages. Bron: boek, Part: 7453, Period: 1829, Stiphout, access code 50, inventory number 7453, November 15, 1829, Huwelijksregister Stiphout 1829, record number 4. https://www.openarch.nl/
  8. Map of North Brabant (Netherlands). https://www.welt-atlas.de/datenbank/karten/karte-1-893.gif
  9. Baptism of Georgina Ida Antonia. Regional Historic Centre Eindhoven (Netherlands), Eindhoven, Church records baptisms. Doop-, trouw- en begraafboek Helmond, Helmond, access code 10225, inventory number 68.23, November  1, 1807. https://www.openarch.nl/
  10. Allewaart Family. Regional Historic Centre Eindhoven (Netherlands), Helmond, Residents lists. Etat de population de la mairie de Helmond, Helmond, access code 100, inventory number 166, 1810, record number 69, 70. https://www.openarch.nl/
  11. Death of Hermiena Hendrica Sibilla Allewaert. Gelders Archive (Netherlands), Arnhem, Civil registration deaths. Velp (Rheden), archive 207, inventory number 3160, December  2, 1891, record number 246. https://www.openarch.nl/
  12. William I of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands
  13. William II of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands
  14. William III of the Netherlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands
  15. Death Notice of Andries Smorenburg. The Utrecht Archives (Netherlands), Utrecht, Civil registration deaths. De Bilt, archive 481, inventory number 1050-04, February  2, 1880, record number 5. https://www.openarch.nl/
  16. Birth of Elizabeth Anna Hermina Smorenburg. Regional Historic Centre Eindhoven (Netherlands), Eindhoven, Civil registration births. Geboorteregisters, 1812 Geboorte, Huwelijken en Overlijden, Vlierden, access code 13130, inventory number 595, October 27, 1830, folio 17. https://www.openarch.nl/
  17. First marriage of Elizabeth Anna Hermina Smorenburg. The Utrecht Archives (Netherlands), Utrecht, Civil registration marriages. De Bilt, archive 481, inventory number 814-13, May 29, 1858, record number 9. https://www.openarch.nl/
  18. Second marriage of Elizabeth Anna Hermina Smorenburg. The Utrecht Archives (Netherlands), Utrecht, Civil registration marriages. De Bilt, archive 481, inventory number 814-28, June  6, 1873, record number 12. https://www.openarch.nl/
  19. Death notice of Wilhelmus Smorenburg. Brabant Historical Information Centre in Brabant (Netherlands), Civil registration deaths. Part: 7961, Period: 1872, Tilburg, archive 50, inventory number 7961, December 30, 1872, Overlijdensregister Tilburg 1872, record number 736
  20. Wagon master. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_master
  21. Death notice of Johanna Margarita Geertruida Smorenburg. The Utrecht Archives in Utrecht (Netherlands), Civil registration deaths. Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht 1811-1902, Utrecht, archive 481, inventory number 475-02, 03-06-1899, Utrecht 1899, record number 796
  22. Birth registration of Johannes Hendricus Smorenburg. The Utrecht Archives in Utrecht (Netherlands), Civil registration births. Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht 1811-1902, Utrecht, archive 481, inventory number 112-02, 13-07-1867, Utrecht 1867, record number 1104
  23. Death notice of Johannes Hendricus Smorenburg. Zimbabwe Death Registers, 1890-1977; Index to Death Register, 1892-1977, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939N-CX99-26?cc=1837900&wc=M6LS-CM9%3A163032901%2C163178601 : 17 December 2019), Death registers > 1942-1944, Vol. 67 > image 121 of 292; National Archives, Harare
  24. Marriage of Hendrik Jekel and Johanna Wilhelmina Smorenburg. Civil registration marriages. Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht 1811-1902, Utrecht, archive 481, inventory number 310-01, 22-03-1900, Utrecht 1900, record number 108
  25. Marriage record of Johannes Hendricus Smorenburg and Susara Aletta Bezuidenhout. South Africa, Free State Dutch Reformed Church Records, 1848-1956, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HG-WL49 : Thu Mar 07 13:34:44 UTC 2024
  26. Death notice of Susan Baldy, previously Smorenburg, née Bezuidenhout. South Africa, Cape Province, Probate Records of the Master of the High Court, 1834-1989, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-C913-X912-6?cc=2517051&wc=WV44-9PP%3A1598042362 : 11 October 2018), 007734659 > image 1242 of 1705; Pietermaritzburg Archives (Formerly Natal State Archives), South Africa
  27. Johannes Hendrikus Smorenburg. https://www.geni.com/people/Johannes-Hendrikus-Smorenberg/6000000082482559493
  28. Johannes Hendricus Smorenburg and Pieter August Smorenburg. Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Overgenomen delen. Deel: 119, Periode: 1921-1925, Amsterdam, 27 Februari 1901 (https://www.openarchieven.nl/saa:abfef66c-9e3f-476b-bd08-0b2233a3b3b0)
  29. Gilliomee, H. & Mbenga, B. 2007 Nuwe geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika. 1ste Ed. Tafelberg: Kaapstad
  30. Pakenham, T. 1993 The Boer War. Illustrated Edition. Jonathan Ball Publishers: Johannesburg, South Africa
  31. Marriage record of Johannes Hendrikus Smorenburg and Hester Helena Roets. South Africa, Free State Dutch Reformed Church Records, 1848-1956, database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:2:77TD-879L?cc=1910846&wc=39ZF-7M9%3A183083201%2C183144301%2C183148101 : 21 May 2014), Free State > Heilbron > Marriages 1908-1929 > image 51 of 995; Dutch Reformed Church Synod Centre, Bloemfontein
  32. Death notice of Johannes Wilhelmus Smorenburg (III). Zimbabwe Death Notices, 1904-1976, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVBQ-CR5P : Mon Mar 11 18:15:53 UTC 2024), Entry for Johannes Wilhelmus Smorenburg, 02 Mar 1957
  33. Anna Sophia Margaretha Ruitenbeek, Pieter August Smorenburg and four Kupferman brothers.
  34. Andries Smorenburg. https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andries_Smorenburg
  35. Marriage of Ida Anthonia Georgina Smorenburg. The Utrecht Archives (Netherlands), Utrecht, Civil registration marriages. Amersfoort, archive 481, inventory number 804-01, August 31, 1887, record number 80. https://www.openarch.nl/
  36. Death notice of Nathanael Traugott Kürt Kupferman. South Africa, Transvaal, Probate Records from the Master of the Supreme Court, 1869-1958, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q58Y-DZPZ : Tue Oct 31 02:54:12 UTC 2023), Entry for Nathaniel Frangott Carl Kupfermann, 1896
  37. Kupferman family in 1895 census. Archief Eemland, Bevolkingsregister. Periode: 1860-1915, Amersfoort, 000201_1396. https://www.openarch.nl/eem:650d5188-3cec-311c-33b0-18bca3fb60d4
  38. Burial of Karl/Carl Hugo Johan Kupferman. South Africa, Johannesburg, Cemetery Records, 1840-2019, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XF4-FT7R : Sun Nov 12 02:10:20 UTC 2023), Entry for K. H. J Kupfermann, 14 Jun 1911
  39. Birth of Johann Gerhard George Kupferman. The Utrecht Archives in Utrecht (Netherlands), Civil registration births. Burgerlijke Stand van de gemeenten in de provincie Utrecht 1811-1902, Baarn, archive 481, inventory number 14-05, 04-10-1889, Baarn 1889, record number 134
  40. Marriage record of Johann Gerhard George Kupferman. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1930, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QGYD-XNGP : Fri Oct 06 08:41:39 UTC 2023), Entry for Johan Gerhard George Kuppermann and Elizabeth Susan Kohl, 15 June 1916
  41. Death notice of Elizabeth Susan (Kohl) Kupfermann. South Africa, Civil Death Registration, 1955-1966, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6ZMB-BL48 : Wed Oct 04 12:31:44 UTC 2023), Entry for Elizabeth Susan Kohl Kupfermann, 19 May 1965
  42. Marriage record of August Kürt Andries Kupferman. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Marriages, 1870-1930, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QPWV-D4GM : Thu Oct 05 05:12:48 UTC 2023), Entry for August Kurt Kupferman and Caroline Helena Felstead, 11 September 1918
  43. Death notice of August Kürt Andries Kupferman. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Death, 1869-1954, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:7YR5-JQMM : Sat Oct 07 00:59:21 UTC 2023), Entry for August Kurt Andries Kupferman, 2 Oct 1948
  44. Death notice of Caroline Helene Felstead. South Africa, Civil Death Registration, 1955-1966, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6CBL-1KQH : Wed Oct 04 04:26:58 UTC 2023), Entry for Caroline Helene Felstead Kupferman, 18 Jun 1962
  45. Kurt Kupferman in census. Regional Archive Alkmaar in Alkmaar, Population register. Bevolkingsregister, Bron: Bevolkingsregister, Period: 1899-1925, Texel, Bevolkingsregister 1899-1925 deel II. https://www.openarch.nl/raa:fc39eb1a-8fc2-43d1-bfbd-e0809fc5d396
  46. Ida Anthonia Georgina Smorenburg (1866 – 1896). SJ Mostert & WH Beindorf. Geneologie Beindorf en Mohlmann. www.geneologieonline.nl/en/geneologie_beindorf_mohlmann.
  47. Anna Sophia Margaretha Ruitenbeek in register. Regional archive of Zupten (Netherlands), Deel: 088, Periode: 1890-1922, folio 339. https://www.openarchieven.nl/szu:31216032-4b2a-11e0-8597-2d36f427e681/en
  48. Death certificate, will and estate of Anna Sophia Margaretha Lub. National Archives & Repository Service of South Africa, Pretoria. TAB MHG 1472/51, 1951
  49. The life of a Boer commondant, Andries Smorenburg. http://www.national.archsrch.gov.za/sm300cv/smws/sm30ddf0?20240725162601DAECEF80&DN=00000001
  50. Battle of Boshof. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boshof
  51. Boer prisoners (1900 – 1902). http://sainthelenaisland.info/boerprisoners.htm
  52. J. Grimshaw, Boer in the Box, 1901. 25 March 2011. St Helena 15.55 South 5.43 West. http://jcgrimshaw.blogspot.com/2011/03/boer-in-box-1901.html
  53. Appointment as translator: Andries Smorenburg. National Archives & Repository Service of South Africa, Pretoria. TAB TPD 8/195/583, 1917
  54. Death notice of Andries Smorenburg. National Archives & Repository Service of South Africa, Pretoria. TAB MHG 1424/39, 1939
  55. Death notice and estate of Martha Sprong. National Archives & Repository Service of South Africa, Pretoria. TAB MHG 2304/42, 1942
  56. Death notice and estate of Nelly Cornelia Smorenburg. National Archives & Repository Service of South Africa, Pretoria. TAB MHG 4697/55, 1955
  57. Interview with Pam Jamison, great-granddaughter of Andries Smorenburg II, on 25 December 2017 at Pretoria
  58. Birth registration of Pieter August Smorenburg. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QLC5-BKHZ : 16 November 2020), Pieter August Smorenburg, Birth 08 Oct 1874, De Bilt, Utrecht, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing De Bilt, archive 481, inventory number 556-24, record number 70; ; Het Utrechts Archief
  59. Pieter August Smorenburg. https://www.openarchieven.nl/hua:A5B01465-990F-2E7F-E053-4701000AE4A6
  60. Marriage record of Pieter August Smorenburg. South Africa, Civil Marriage Records, 1840-1973, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSVZ-Z914-3?cc=2821281 : 20 September 2022), > image 1 of 1; Pietermaritzburg Archives (Formerly Natal State Archives), South Africa
  61. Pieter Smorenburg in ABW2. https://www.angloboerwar.com/index.php?option=com_grid&gid=37_vy_0&p=495
  62. Death notice of Pieter August Smorenburg. South Africa, Transvaal, Civil Death, 1869-1954, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:747W-4WZM : Sat Mar 09 17:03:58 UTC 2024), Entry for Pieter August Smorenburg, 25 Jul 1940
  63. Christening record of Curt August Andries Smorenburg. South Africa, Church of the Province of South Africa, Parish Registers, 1801-2004, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KYJS-VTT : Sun Mar 10 22:59:20 UTC 2024), Entry for Curt August Andries Smorenbury and Margreta Matilda Smorenburg, 27 Feb
  64. Death notice of Curt August Andries Smorenburg. South Africa, Western Cape, Deceased Estate Files, 1951-1958, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:68YM-MLZW : Fri Jul 12 05:10:25 UTC 2024), Entry for Curt August Andries Smorenburg and Winifred Alice Smorenburg, 11 Aug 1974
  65. Death notice of Edgar August Smorenburg. South Africa, Johannesburg, Cemetery Records, 1840-2019, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6N7R-N369 : Mon Jul 08 10:46:46 UTC 2024), Entry for Edgar August Smorenberg, 3 Dec 0079
  66. Birth registration of Clara Smorenburg. Netherlands, Noord-Holland, Civil Registration, 1811-1950, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:Q2HF-M1NM : Thu Mar 07 10:37:41 UTC 2024), Entry for Clara Martina Bertha Smorenburg and Pieter August Smorenburg, 1 maart 1901
  67. Death record of Margaret Smorenburg I. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000, database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL29-M3CV : 9 September 2017), Margaretha Smorenburg, Death 04 Feb 1845, De Bilt, Utrecht, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing De Bilt, archive 481, inventory number 1048-17, record number 3; Het Utrechts Archief
  68. Marriage of Andries Smorenburg & Maria Jansen van Galen. Nederland, Indexen van de Archieven, Primaire Archiefstukken (BS en DTB), 1600-2000,” database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QL55-WRT1 : 6 October 2017), Andries Smorenburg and Maria Jansen van Galen, Marriage 21 Mar 1872, Rheden, Rheden, Gelderland, Nederland; from database, openarchives (https://www.openarch.nl : 2016); citing Rheden, archive 0207, inventory number 3233, record number 14; ; Gelders Archief 

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